This summary table contains detailed information about research studies. Summary tables offer an informative look at the science behind many breast cancer guidelines and recommendations. However, they should be viewed with some caution. In order to read and interpret research tables successfully, it is important to understand some key concepts. Learn how to read a research table.
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Introduction: Many studies have linked weight gain in adulthood with an increased risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. To date, the few studies that have addressed weight gain and premenopausal breast cancer have had mixed results.
Learn about the strengths and weaknesses of different types of studies.
See how this risk factor compares with other risk factors for breast cancer.
Study selection criteria: Prospective cohort studies with at least 200 breast cancer cases and meta-analyses.
Table note: Relative risk above 1 indicates increased risk. Relative risk below 1 indicates decreased risk.
Study
|
Study Population
(number of participants)
|
Follow-up
(years)
|
Time of Weight Gain
|
Categories of Weight Gain Compared
|
Relative Risk of Breast Cancer in Women who Gained the Most Weight Compared to Women who Gained the Least
RR (95% CI)
|
Premenopausal
|
Postmenopausal
|
Prospective cohort studies
|
Nurses' Health Study [1]
|
84,143
(4,393 cases)
|
26
|
From age 18
|
11-22 lbs.
vs.
little weight change (less than 4.4 lbs. gain or loss)
|
|
1.15 (1.01-1.31)
|
| |
|
|
|
22-44 lbs.
vs.
little weight change
|
|
1.15 (1.01-1.30)
|
| |
|
|
|
44-55 lbs.
vs.
little weight change
|
|
1.21 (1.05-1.40)
|
| |
|
|
|
More than 55 lbs.
vs.
little weight change
|
|
1.45 (1.27-1.66)*
|
| |
49,514
(2,376 cases)
|
24
|
From age at menopause
|
22 lbs. or more
vs.
little weight change
|
|
1.18 (1.03-1.35)
|
Iowa Women's Health Study [2]
|
36,658
(2,286 cases)
|
16
|
From age 18
|
29-45 lbs.
vs.
13 lbs. or less
|
|
Age 55-64:
1.13 (0.85-1.48)
Age 65-74:
1.31 (1.11-1.55)
Age 75-84:
1.42 (1.10-1.84)
|
| |
|
|
|
More than 45 lbs.
vs.
13 lbs. or less
|
|
Age 55-64:
1.47 (1.13-1.91)
Age 65-74:
1.78 (1.52-2.08)
Age 75-84:
1.79 (1.40-2.30)
|
NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study [3]
|
99,039
(2,111 cases)
|
4
|
From age 18
|
66-88 lbs.
vs.
little weight change (+/- 4.2 lbs.)
|
|
1.87 (1.29-2.72)†
|
| |
|
|
From age 50
|
66-88 lbs.
vs.
little weight change (+/- 4.2 lbs.)
|
|
1.89 (1.20-2.97)†
|
| |
|
|
Between ages 35 and 50
|
66-88 lbs.
vs.
little weight change (+/- 4.2 lbs.)
|
|
2.29 (1.51-3.46)†
|
Cancer Prevention Study-II (CPS-II) [4]
|
65,756
(1,934 cases)
|
7-9
|
From age 18
|
71 lbs. or more
vs.
little weight change
|
|
2.13 (1.50-3.01)‡
|
Nurses' Health Study and Nurses' Health Study II [5]
|
165,608
(1,811 cases)
|
14-28
|
From age 18 |
33-43.9 lbs. vs.
little weight change
|
0.86 (0.68-1.07)
|
|
| |
|
|
|
44-54.9 lbs. vs.
little weight change
|
0.88 (0.66-1.18) |
|
| |
|
|
|
55 lbs. or more
vs.
little weight change |
0.74 (0.52-1.04)
|
|
EPIC Cohort [6]
|
98,352
(1,358 cases)
|
5.8
|
From age 20
|
More than 44 lbs.
vs.
little weight change (+/- 4.4 lbs.)
|
0.87 (0.51-1.49)
|
1.22 (0.96-1.56)§
|
CPS-II [7]
|
44,161
(1,200 cases)
|
9
|
From age 18
|
21-40 lbs.
vs.
5-20 lbs.
|
|
Ductal carcinoma:
1.28 (1.08-1.53)‡
Lobular and mixed ductal/lobular carcinoma:
0.99 (0.70-1.39)‡
|
|
|
|
|
41-60 lbs.
vs.
5-20 lbs.
|
|
Ductal carcinoma:
1.65 (1.37-2.00)‡
Lobular and mixed ductal/lobular carcinoma:
1.08 (0.73-1.61)‡
|
|
|
|
|
61 lbs. or more
vs.
5-20 lbs.
|
|
Ductal carcinoma:
1.89 (1.53-2.34)‡
Lobular and mixed ductal/lobular carcinoma:
1.54 (1.01-2.33)‡
|
Black Women’s Health Study [8]
|
52,080
(1,062 cases)
|
10
|
From age 18
|
55 lbs. or more
vs.
less than 22 lbs.
|
1.17 (0.90-1.52)
|
1.09 (0.81-1.48)
|
Women's Health Initiative [9]
|
85,917
(1,030 cases)
|
2.9
|
From age 18
|
BMI change more than 9.7
vs.
no BMI change
|
|
1.92 (1.07-3.43)‡
|
Netherlands Cohort Study [10]
|
62,573
(626 cases)
|
4.3
|
From age 20
|
55 lbs. or more
vs.
little weight change
|
|
1.57 (0.99-2.47)
|
Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study [11]
|
41,594
(452 cases)
|
14
|
From age 20
|
BMI change 2.5-4.9
vs.
little BMI change
|
0.93 (0.49-1.74)
|
1.38 (0.79-2.39)
|
| |
|
|
|
BMI change more than 5 vs.
little BMI change |
0.71 (0.36-1.38)
|
1.79 (1.02-3.16)
|
Krebs et al. [12]
|
7,523
(350 cases)
|
11.3
|
From age 25
|
More than 29.7% weight change
vs.
less than 5.1% weight change
|
|
1.64 (1.15-2.34)
|
Malmo Diet and Cancer Study-Sweden [13]
|
12,159
(246 cases)
|
5.7
|
From age 20
|
More than 46 lbs.
vs.
11-22 lbs.
|
|
1.75 (1.11-2.77)
|
Framingham Heart Study [14]
|
2,873
(206 cases)
|
up to 48
|
From age 25
|
15-20 lbs.
vs.
little weight change
|
|
1.8 (1.0-3.5)
|
|
|
|
|
20-25 lbs.
vs.
little weight change
|
|
2.6 (1.4-5.1)
|
|
|
|
|
25 lbs. or more
vs.
little weight change
|
|
1.2 (0.5-2.6)
|
Meta-analyses
|
Vrieling et al. [15]
|
7 studies
|
|
From age 18**
|
Various
|
|
For ER+/PR+ tumors:
2.33 (2.05-2.60)
For ER-/PR- tumors:
1.34 (1.06-1.63)
|
ER+ = estrogen receptor-positive
ER- = estrogen receptor-negative
PR+ = progesterone receptor-positive
PR- = progesterone receptor-negative
* Weight gain increased breast risk more in postmenopausal women not taking postmenopausal hormones than in those currently taking hormones. Among women who were not taking postmenopausal hormones, a weight gain of 55 pounds or more showed an increase in risk of 1.98 (1.55-2.53). Among women who were currently taking postmenopausal hormones, a weight gain of 55 pounds or more showed an increase in risk of 1.20 (1.01-1.43).
† Among women not currently taking postmenopausal hormones. Among women using postmenopausal hormones, there was no increase in risk from weight gain.
‡ Among women who had never used postmenopausal hormones.
§ Among women who were not currently taking postmenopausal hormones, weight gain of more than 44 pounds compared to little weight change increased risk of breast cancer, 1.52 (1.08-2.13). This increased risk was not seen in women who were currently taking postmenopausal hormones.
¶ Premenopausal and postmenopausal women combined.
** Five of seven studies measured weight gain from age 18. One study measured weight gain from age 20 and one study measured from age 50.
References
- Eliassen AH, Colditz GA, Rosner B, et al. Adult weight change and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. JAMA. 296(2):193-201, 2006.
- Sweeney C, Blair CK, Anderson KE, et al. Risk factors of breast cancer in elderly women. Am J Epidemiol. 160(9):868-75, 2004.
- Ahn J, Schatzkin A, Lacey JV Jr, et al. Adiposity, adult weight change, and postmenopausal breast cancer risk. Arch Intern Med. 167(19):2091-102, 2007.
- Feigelson HS, Jonas CR, Teras LR, Thun MJ, Calle EE. Weight gain, body mass index, hormone replacement therapy, and postmenopausal breast cancer in a large prospective study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 13(2):220-4, 2004.
- Michels KB, Terry KL, Eliassen AH, Hankinson SE, Willett WC. Adult weight change and incidence of premenopausal breast cancer. Int J Cancer. 2011 Mar 16 [Epub ahead of print].
- Lahmann PH, Schulz M, Hoffmann K, et al. Long-term weight change and breast cancer risk: the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition (EPIC). Br J Cancer. 93(5):582-9, 2005.
- Feigelson HS, Patel AV, Teras LR, et al. Adult weight gain and histopathologic characteristics of breast cancer among postmenopausal women. Cancer. 107(1):12-21, 2006.
- Palmer JR, Adams-Campbell LL, Boggs DA, Wise LA, Rosenberg L. A prospective study of body size and breast cancer in black women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 16(9):1795-802, 2007.
- Morimoto LM, White E, Chen Z, Chlebowski RT, Hays J, Kuller L, Lopez AM, Manson J, Margolis KL, Muti PC, Stefanick ML, McTiernan A. Obesity, body size, and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer: the Women's Health Initiative (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 13(8):741-51, 2002.
- van den Brandt PA, Dirx MJ, Ronckers CM, et al. Height, weight, weight change, and postmenopausal breast cancer risk: The Netherlands Cohort Study. Cancer Causes & Control. 8(1):39-47, 1997.
- Suzuki R, Iwasaki M, Inoue M, et al. Body weight at age 20 years, subsequent weight change and breast cancer risk defined by estrogen and progesterone receptor status-the Japan Public Health Center-based prospective study. Int J Cancer. 2010 Nov 9. [Epub ahead of print].
- Krebs EE, Taylor BC, Cauley JA, et al. Measures of adiposity and risk of breast cancer in older postmenopausal women. J Am Geriatr Soc. 54(1):63-9, 2006.
- Lahmann PH, Lissner L, Gullberg B, Olsson H, Berglund G. A prospective study of adiposity and postmenopausal breast cancer risk: the Malmo Diet and Cancer Study. Int J Cancer. 103(2):246-52, 2003.
- Radimer KL, Ballard-Barbash R, Miller JS, et al. Weight change and the risk of late-onset breast cancer in the original Framingham cohort. Nutr Cancer. 49(1):7-13, 2004.
- Vrieling A, Buck K, Kaaks R, Chang-Claude J. Adult weight gain in relation to breast cancer risk by estrogen and progesterone receptor status: a meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 123(3):641-9, 2010.
Updated 07/06/11
